Chapter IX: State Of Germany Until The Barbarians.—Part I. 第九章 蛮族入侵前的日耳曼状况——第一节
Chapter IX: State Of Germany Until The Barbarians.—Part I.
第九章 蛮族入侵前的日耳曼状况——第一节
The State Of Germany Till The Invasion Of The Barbarians In The Time Of The Emperor Decius.
日耳曼的状况——直到德西乌斯皇帝在位时蛮族入侵为止
The government and religion of Persia have deserved some notice, from their connection with the decline and fall of the Roman empire. We shall occasionally mention the Scythian or Sarmatian tribes, 1001 which, with their arms and horses, their flocks and herds, their wives and families, wandered over the immense plains which spread themselves from the Caspian Sea to the Vistula, from the confines of Persia to those of Germany. But the warlike Germans, who first resisted, then invaded, and at length overturned the Western monarchy of Rome, will occupy a much more important place in this history, and possess a stronger, and, if we may use the expression, a more domestic, claim to our attention and regard. The most civilized nations of modern Europe issued from the woods of Germany; and in the rude institutions of those barbarians we may still distinguish the original principles of our present laws and manners. In their primitive state of simplicity and independence, the Germans were surveyed by the discerning eye, and delineated by the masterly pencil, of Tacitus, 1002 the first of historians who applied the science of philosophy to the study of facts. The expressive conciseness of his descriptions has served to exercise the diligence of innumerable antiquarians, and to excite the genius and penetration of the philosophic historians of our own times. The subject, however various and important, has already been so frequently, so ably, and so successfully discussed, that it is now grown familiar to the reader, and difficult to the writer. We shall therefore content ourselves with observing, and indeed with repeating, some of the most important circumstances of climate, of manners, and of institutions, which rendered the wild barbarians of Germany such formidable enemies to the Roman power.
波斯的政制与宗教，因与罗马帝国的衰亡息息相关，理应略加叙述。我们也会不时提到斯基泰人或萨尔马提亚人的部落。1001 这些部落携着刀弓战马、牛羊牲畜、妻儿家小，在一望无际的大平原上游徙无定——这片平原自里海绵延至维斯瓦河，自波斯边陲直抵日耳曼疆界。然而，尚武的日耳曼人——他们先是抵抗罗马，继而侵入其境，最终颠覆了罗马在西方的君主国——在本书中将占据远为重要的篇幅，也更有理由、乃至（不妨这样说）更以一种近乎切身的名分，赢得我们的关注与重视。近代欧洲那些最文明的民族，都发源于日耳曼的莽林；在那些蛮族粗陋的典章制度里，我们至今仍能辨认出今日法律与风俗的最初雏形。当日耳曼人尚处于质朴而独立的原始状态时，塔西佗曾以慧眼审视他们，又以生花妙笔为他们描摹画像；1002 他乃是史家中头一个把哲理之学用于考究史实的人。他笔下的描述凝练而传神，既让无数古物学家为之殚精竭虑，也激发了当世那些富于哲思的史家一展才思与洞见。这一题目虽然内容繁富、事关重大，却早已被人反复探讨，且探讨得既精当又成功，以致如今在读者已是耳熟能详，在著述者反倒成了难题。因此，我们只求择要考察——说到底也不过是复述一遍——气候、风俗与制度方面若干最紧要的情形；正是这些，使日耳曼的蛮族成为罗马强权如此可畏的劲敌。
Ancient Germany, excluding from its independent limits the province westward of the Rhine, which had submitted to the Roman yoke, extended itself over a third part of Europe. 1 Almost the whole of modern Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Livonia, Prussia, and the greater part of Poland, were peopled by the various tribes of one great nation, whose complexion, manners, and language denoted a common origin, and preserved a striking resemblance. On the west, ancient Germany was divided by the Rhine from the Gallic, and on the south, by the Danube, from the Illyrian, provinces of the empire. A ridge of hills, rising from the Danube, and called the Carpathian Mountains, covered Germany on the side of Dacia or Hungary. The eastern frontier was faintly marked by the mutual fears of the Germans and the Sarmatians, and was often confounded by the mixture of warring and confederating tribes of the two nations. In the remote darkness of the north, the ancients imperfectly descried a frozen ocean that lay beyond the Baltic Sea, and beyond the Peninsula, or islands 1001a of Scandinavia.
古代日耳曼疆域广袤，横亘欧洲三分之一之地；不过，莱茵河以西那片已然屈服于罗马枷锁的行省，并不算在它独立的版图之内。1 今日的德国、丹麦、挪威、瑞典、芬兰、利沃尼亚、普鲁士以及波兰的大部分地区，几乎全住着同一个大民族的各个部落；这些部落的肤色、习俗与语言都表明其同出一源，彼此间也保持着惊人的相似。古日耳曼的西面，以莱茵河与帝国的高卢诸行省相隔；南面则以多瑙河与伊利里亚诸行省为界。一道山脉自多瑙河畔拔地而起，人称喀尔巴阡山脉，在临近达契亚（即匈牙利）的一侧屏护着日耳曼。东部边界则模糊难辨，全凭日耳曼人与萨尔马提亚人彼此的戒惧勉强划定；何况两族的部落时而交战、时而结盟，混杂相处，界线便常常难以厘清。至于极北的幽暗尽头，古人只影影绰绰地望见一片冰封的海洋，横亘在波罗的海之外，也在斯堪的纳维亚半岛（或曰群岛）1001a 之外。
Some ingenious writers 2 have suspected that Europe was much colder formerly than it is at present; and the most ancient descriptions of the climate of Germany tend exceedingly to confirm their theory. The general complaints of intense frost and eternal winter are perhaps little to be regarded, since we have no method of reducing to the accurate standard of the thermometer, the feelings, or the expressions, of an orator born in the happier regions of Greece or Asia. But I shall select two remarkable circumstances of a less equivocal nature. 1. The great rivers which covered the Roman provinces, the Rhine and the Danube, were frequently frozen over, and capable of supporting the most enormous weights. The barbarians, who often chose that severe season for their inroads, transported, without apprehension or danger, their numerous armies, their cavalry, and their heavy wagons, over a vast and solid bridge of ice. 3 Modern ages have not presented an instance of a like phenomenon. 2. The reindeer, that useful animal, from whom the savage of the North derives the best comforts of his dreary life, is of a constitution that supports, and even requires, the most intense cold. He is found on the rock of Spitzberg, within ten degrees of the Pole; he seems to delight in the snows of Lapland and Siberia: but at present he cannot subsist, much less multiply, in any country to the south of the Baltic. 4 In the time of Cæsar the reindeer, as well as the elk and the wild bull, was a native of the Hercynian forest, which then overshadowed a great part of Germany and Poland. 5 The modern improvements sufficiently explain the causes of the diminution of the cold. These immense woods have been gradually cleared, which intercepted from the earth the rays of the sun. 6 The morasses have been drained, and, in proportion as the soil has been cultivated, the air has become more temperate. Canada, at this day, is an exact picture of ancient Germany. Although situated in the same parallel with the finest provinces of France and England, that country experiences the most rigorous cold. The reindeer are very numerous, the ground is covered with deep and lasting snow, and the great river of St. Lawrence is regularly frozen, in a season when the waters of the Seine and the Thames are usually free from ice. 7
有些颇具巧思的著述家 2 猜想，欧洲昔日的气候远比今日寒冷；而关于日耳曼气候的种种最古老的记载，也极有力地印证了这一说法。古人普遍抱怨那里酷寒彻骨、长冬无尽，这类怨辞或许不足深信：毕竟，一位生在希腊或亚洲那等宜人之地的雄辩家，其冷暖之感与夸张之辞，我们终究无法拿温度计的精确刻度去核定。不过，我要另举两桩较为确凿、不容含糊的事例。其一，护卫着罗马各行省的两条大河——莱茵河与多瑙河——时常整个封冻，冰层坚厚，足以承载极重之物。蛮族往往就挑这严寒时节前来劫掠：他们把浩荡的大军、骑兵与沉重的辎重车，尽数驱上这道广阔而坚实的冰桥运送过河，既无所顾忌，也全无危险。3 如此景象，近世却再不曾见过。其二，驯鹿这种有用的牲畜，为北方的野人凄凉生涯提供了最好的慰藉；它天生的体质耐得住、甚至离不开极度的严寒。在距北极不足十度的斯匹次卑尔根岩岛上，都能见到它的踪影；拉普兰与西伯利亚的皑皑积雪，它似乎也乐在其中；然而时至今日，凡波罗的海以南之地，它都无法存活，更谈不上繁衍。4 而在恺撒的时代，驯鹿连同麋鹿与野牛，本都是赫尔基尼亚森林的土产；那片森林当年遮天蔽日，覆盖着日耳曼与波兰的大片土地。5 后世的种种开垦经营，足以解释寒气何以渐减。那些遮断阳光、使之照不到地面的莽莽森林，已被逐步砍伐殆尽；6 沼泽也已排干；随着土地一点点得到垦殖，气候便一天天转向温和。今日的加拿大，恰是古日耳曼的一幅逼真写照。它虽与法国、英格兰那些最富庶的地区同处一条纬度，却要忍受最酷烈的严寒：那里驯鹿成群，地面终年覆着厚厚的积雪，圣劳伦斯大河也照例封冻——而在同一时节，塞纳河与泰晤士河的水面通常并不结冰。7
It is difficult to ascertain, and easy to exaggerate, the influence of the climate of ancient Germany over the minds and bodies of the natives. Many writers have supposed, and most have allowed, though, as it should seem, without any adequate proof, that the rigorous cold of the North was favorable to long life and generative vigor, that the women were more fruitful, and the human species more prolific, than in warmer or more temperate climates. 8 We may assert, with greater confidence, that the keen air of Germany formed the large and masculine limbs of the natives, who were, in general, of a more lofty stature than the people of the South, 9 gave them a kind of strength better adapted to violent exertions than to patient labor, and inspired them with constitutional bravery, which is the result of nerves and spirits. The severity of a winter campaign, that chilled the courage of the Roman troops, was scarcely felt by these hardy children of the North, 10 who, in their turn, were unable to resist the summer heats, and dissolved away in languor and sickness under the beams of an Italian sun. 11
Notes 注释
1001
The Scythians, even according to the ancients, are not Sarmatians. It may be doubted whether Gibbon intended to confound them.—M. ——The Greeks, after having divided the world into Greeks and barbarians. divided the barbarians into four great classes, the Celts, the Scythians, the Indians, and the Ethiopians. They called Celts all the inhabitants of Gaul. Scythia extended from the Baltic Sea to the Lake Aral: the people enclosed in the angle to the north-east, between Celtica and Scythia, were called Celto-Scythians, and the Sarmatians were placed in the southern part of that angle. But these names of Celts, of Scythians, of Celto-Scythians, and Sarmatians, were invented, says Schlozer, by the profound cosmographical ignorance of the Greeks, and have no real ground; they are purely geographical divisions, without any relation to the true affiliation of the different races. Thus all the inhabitants of Gaul are called Celts by most of the ancient writers; yet Gaul contained three totally distinct nations, the Belgæ, the Aquitani, and the Gauls, properly so called. Hi omnes lingua institutis, legibusque inter se differunt. Cæsar. Com. c. i. It is thus the Turks call all Europeans Franks. Schlozer, Allgemeine Nordische Geschichte, p. 289. 1771. Bayer (de Origine et priscis Sedibus Scytharum, in Opusc. p. 64) says, Primus eorum, de quibus constat, Ephorus, in quarto historiarum libro, orbem terrarum inter Scythas, Indos, Æthiopas et Celtas divisit. Fragmentum ejus loci Cosmas Indicopleustes in topographia Christiana, f. 148, conservavit. Video igitur Ephorum, cum locorum positus per certa capita distribuere et explicare constitueret, insigniorum nomina gentium vastioribus spatiis adhibuisse, nulla mala fraude et successu infelici. Nam Ephoro quoquomodo dicta pro exploratis habebant Græci plerique et Romani: ita gliscebat error posteritate. Igitur tot tamque diversæ stirpis gentes non modo intra communem quandam regionem definitæ, unum omnes Scytharum nomen his auctoribus subierunt, sed etiam ab illa regionis adpellatione in eandem nationem sunt conflatæ. Sic Cimmeriorum res cum Scythicis, Scytharum cum Sarmaticis, Russicis, Hunnicis, Tataricis commiscentur.—G.
即便依古人之见，斯基泰人也不同于萨尔马提亚人。吉本是否有意将二者混为一谈，尚属可疑。—M. ——希腊人先把世界分为希腊人与蛮族两类，又将蛮族分作四大类：凯尔特人、斯基泰人、印度人与埃塞俄比亚人。他们把高卢的全体居民都唤作凯尔特人。斯基泰自波罗的海一直延展到咸海；夹在凯尔特地区与斯基泰之间、居于东北一隅的民族，被称作凯尔特-斯基泰人，而萨尔马提亚人则被划入这一隅的南部。然而施勒策尔说，凯尔特人、斯基泰人、凯尔特-斯基泰人、萨尔马提亚人这些名目，纯出于希腊人对宇内地理的茫昧无知，并无实据；它们不过是地理上的区划，与各族真正的谱系血缘毫不相干。就像高卢的居民，在多数古代作家笔下一律称作凯尔特人，可高卢境内其实包含三个截然不同的民族：贝尔盖人、阿基坦人，以及严格意义上的高卢人。Hi omnes lingua institutis, legibusque inter se differunt.（此三族之语言、习俗与法律各不相同。）Cæsar. Com. c. i. 正如土耳其人把所有欧洲人一概称作法兰克人。Schlozer, Allgemeine Nordische Geschichte, p. 289. 1771. 拜尔（Bayer, de Origine et priscis Sedibus Scytharum, in Opusc. p. 64）则说：Primus eorum, de quibus constat, Ephorus, in quarto historiarum libro, orbem terrarum inter Scythas, Indos, Æthiopas et Celtas divisit. Fragmentum ejus loci Cosmas Indicopleustes in topographia Christiana, f. 148, conservavit. Video igitur Ephorum, cum locorum positus per certa capita distribuere et explicare constitueret, insigniorum nomina gentium vastioribus spatiis adhibuisse, nulla mala fraude et successu infelici. Nam Ephoro quoquomodo dicta pro exploratis habebant Græci plerique et Romani: ita gliscebat error posteritate. Igitur tot tamque diversæ stirpis gentes non modo intra communem quandam regionem definitæ, unum omnes Scytharum nomen his auctoribus subierunt, sed etiam ab illa regionis adpellatione in eandem nationem sunt conflatæ. Sic Cimmeriorum res cum Scythicis, Scytharum cum Sarmaticis, Russicis, Hunnicis, Tataricis commiscentur.（大意：据可考者，最早是埃福罗斯在其《历史》第四卷中，将天下分为斯基泰、印度、埃塞俄比亚与凯尔特四大部分。此段残文赖科斯马斯·印迪科普勒斯特斯在《基督教地形志》f. 148 中保存下来。可见埃福罗斯在按若干纲目分门别类、逐一交代各地方位时，把一些较著名的族名套用到了辽阔得多的地域上，本无恶意，只是收效不佳。因为大多数希腊人与罗马人，对埃福罗斯所言，不论如何都当作定论，谬误便由此代代滋长。于是，这许多血缘各异的族群，不仅被划入某一片共同的地域，在这些著者笔下统统冠上斯基泰之名，更由那地域之名而被熔铸为同一个民族。如此，辛梅里安人之事便与斯基泰人相混，斯基泰人之事又与萨尔马提亚人、罗斯人、匈人、鞑靼人相混。）—G.
1002
The Germania of Tacitus has been a fruitful source of hypothesis to the ingenuity of modern writers, who have endeavored to account for the form of the work and the views of the author. According to Luden, (Geschichte des T. V. i. 432, and note,) it contains the unfinished and disarranged for a larger work. An anonymous writer, supposed by Luden to be M. Becker, conceives that it was intended as an episode in his larger history. According to M. Guizot, “Tacite a peint les Germains comme Montaigne et Rousseau les sauvages, dans un acces d’humeur contre sa patrie: son livre est une satire des mœurs Romaines, l’eloquente boutade d’un patriote philosophe qui veut voir la vertu la, ou il ne rencontre pas la mollesse honteuse et la depravation savante d’une vielle societe.” Hist. de la Civilisation Moderne, i. 258.—M.
塔西佗的《日耳曼尼亚志》为近代作家的巧思提供了取之不竭的臆说之源，他们竞相为此书的体例与作者的意图寻求解释。据卢登（Geschichte des T. V. i. 432 及注）之见，它是一部更宏大著作未及完成、尚未整理的素材。另一位匿名作者——卢登猜想即贝克尔先生——则认为此书本打算作为其更大部头历史著作中的一段插叙。据基佐先生说：Tacite a peint les Germains comme Montaigne et Rousseau les sauvages, dans un acces d’humeur contre sa patrie: son livre est une satire des mœurs Romaines, l’eloquente boutade d’un patriote philosophe qui veut voir la vertu la, ou il ne rencontre pas la mollesse honteuse et la depravation savante d’une vielle societe.（大意：塔西佗描绘日耳曼人，恰如蒙田与卢梭描绘野蛮人，都是出于对祖国的一时激愤：他这部书是对罗马风俗的一篇讽刺，是一位哲人爱国者慷慨的激愤之辞——他偏要到那见不到可耻的萎靡与老于世故的堕落之处，去寻觅德行。）Hist. de la Civilisation Moderne, i. 258.—M.
1
Germany was not of such vast extent. It is from Cæsar, and more particularly from Ptolemy, (says Gatterer,) that we can know what was the state of ancient Germany before the wars with the Romans had changed the positions of the tribes. Germany, as changed by these wars, has been described by Strabo, Pliny, and Tacitus. Germany, properly so called, was bounded on the west by the Rhine, on the east by the Vistula, on the north by the southern point of Norway, by Sweden, and Esthonia. On the south, the Maine and the mountains to the north of Bohemia formed the limits. Before the time of Cæsar, the country between the Maine and the Danube was partly occupied by the Helvetians and other Gauls, partly by the Hercynian forest but, from the time of Cæsar to the great migration, these boundaries were advanced as far as the Danube, or, what is the same thing, to the Suabian Alps, although the Hercynian forest still occupied, from north to south, a space of nine days’ journey on both banks of the Danube. “Gatterer, Versuch einer all-gemeinen Welt-Geschichte,” p. 424, edit. de 1792. This vast country was far from being inhabited by a single nation divided into different tribes of the same origin. We may reckon three principal races, very distinct in their language, their origin, and their customs. 1. To the east, the Slaves or Vandals. 2. To the west, the Cimmerians or Cimbri. 3. Between the Slaves and Cimbrians, the Germans, properly so called, the Suevi of Tacitus. The South was inhabited, before Julius Cæsar, by nations of Gaulish origin, afterwards by the Suevi.—G. On the position of these nations, the German antiquaries differ. I. The Slaves, or Sclavonians, or Wendish tribes, according to Schlozer, were originally settled in parts of Germany unknown to the Romans, Mecklenburgh, Pomerania, Brandenburgh, Upper Saxony; and Lusatia. According to Gatterer, they remained to the east of the Theiss, the Niemen, and the Vistula, till the third century. The Slaves, according to Procopius and Jornandes, formed three great divisions. 1. The Venedi or Vandals, who took the latter name, (the Wenden,) having expelled the Vandals, properly so called, (a Suevian race, the conquerors of Africa,) from the country between the Memel and the Vistula. 2. The Antes, who inhabited between the Dneister and the Dnieper. 3. The Sclavonians, properly so called, in the north of Dacia. During the great migration, these races advanced into Germany as far as the Saal and the Elbe. The Sclavonian language is the stem from which have issued the Russian, the Polish, the Bohemian, and the dialects of Lusatia, of some parts of the duchy of Luneburgh, of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria, &c.; those of Croatia, Bosnia, and Bulgaria. Schlozer, Nordische Geschichte, p. 323, 335. II. The Cimbric race. Adelung calls by this name all who were not Suevi. This race had passed the Rhine, before the time of Cæsar, occupied Belgium, and are the Belgæ of Cæsar and Pliny. The Cimbrians also occupied the Isle of Jutland. The Cymri of Wales and of Britain are of this race. Many tribes on the right bank of the Rhine, the Guthini in Jutland, the Usipeti in Westphalia, the Sigambri in the duchy of Berg, were German Cimbrians. III. The Suevi, known in very early times by the Romans, for they are mentioned by L. Corn. Sisenna, who lived 123 years before Christ, (Nonius v. Lancea.) This race, the real Germans, extended to the Vistula, and from the Baltic to the Hercynian forest. The name of Suevi was sometimes confined to a single tribe, as by Cæsar to the Catti. The name of the Suevi has been preserved in Suabia. These three were the principal races which inhabited Germany; they moved from east to west, and are the parent stem of the modern natives. But northern Europe, according to Schlozer, was not peopled by them alone; other races, of different origin, and speaking different languages, have inhabited and left descendants in these countries. The German tribes called themselves, from very remote times, by the generic name of Teutons, (Teuten, Deutschen,) which Tacitus derives from that of one of their gods, Tuisco. It appears more probable that it means merely men, people. Many savage nations have given themselves no other name. Thus the Laplanders call themselves Almag, people; the Samoiedes Nilletz, Nissetsch, men, &c. As to the name of Germans, (Germani,) Cæsar found it in use in Gaul, and adopted it as a word already known to the Romans. Many of the learned (from a passage of Tacitus, de Mor Germ. c. 2) have supposed that it was only applied to the Teutons after Cæsar’s time; but Adelung has triumphantly refuted this opinion. The name of Germans is found in the Fasti Capitolini. See Gruter, Iscrip. 2899, in which the consul Marcellus, in the year of Rome 531, is said to have defeated the Gauls, the Insubrians, and the Germans, commanded by Virdomar. See Adelung, Ælt. Geschichte der Deutsch, p. 102.—Compressed from G.
日耳曼并没有那么辽阔。加特勒尔说，要了解在与罗马人的战争改变各部落方位之前古日耳曼的状况，我们只能依据恺撒、尤其是托勒密的记载；至于这些战争之后已然改观的日耳曼，则有斯特拉波、普林尼与塔西佗为之描述。严格意义上的日耳曼，西以莱茵河为界，东以维斯瓦河为界，北则抵挪威的南端、瑞典与爱沙尼亚，南面以美因河及波希米亚以北的群山为限。在恺撒之前，美因河与多瑙河之间的地带，一部分为赫尔维蒂人及其他高卢人所居，一部分则为赫尔基尼亚森林所覆盖；然而从恺撒的时代直到民族大迁徙，这一边界被推进到了多瑙河，也就是推到了施瓦本阿尔卑斯山——尽管赫尔基尼亚森林依旧盘踞在多瑙河两岸，自北而南绵亘达九日行程之遥。Gatterer, Versuch einer allgemeinen Welt-Geschichte, p. 424, edit. de 1792. 这片广袤的土地，远非仅由同一个民族分成的若干同源部落所居。我们可以数出三大种族，其语言、起源与习俗都截然不同：其一，东部的斯拉夫人（或称汪达尔人）；其二，西部的辛梅里安人（或称金布里人）；其三，介于斯拉夫人与金布里人之间的，才是严格意义上的日耳曼人，即塔西佗所说的苏维汇人。南部在尤利乌斯·恺撒之前住着高卢裔的诸民族，此后则为苏维汇人所居。—G. 关于这些民族的分布方位，德意志的古物学家们各执一词。一、斯拉夫人（又称斯拉沃尼亚人或文德诸部落）。据施勒策尔说，他们最初定居在罗马人所不知的日耳曼一隅，即梅克伦堡、波美拉尼亚、勃兰登堡、上萨克森与卢萨蒂亚一带；据加特勒尔说，则直到三世纪，他们一直居留在蒂萨河、尼曼河与维斯瓦河以东。据普罗柯比与约达尼斯所记，斯拉夫人分为三大支。其一，维内迪人（或称汪达尔人）：他们把严格意义上的汪达尔人——一支苏维汇种族、日后征服阿非利加的那批人——从梅梅尔河与维斯瓦河之间的地带驱逐出去后，便沿用了后一名称（即文德人）。其二，安特人，居于德涅斯特河与第聂伯河之间。其三，严格意义上的斯拉沃尼亚人，居于达契亚以北。在民族大迁徙期间，这些种族向日耳曼推进，一直抵达萨勒河与易北河。斯拉夫语乃是母语之干，由它衍生出俄语、波兰语、波希米亚语，以及卢萨蒂亚、吕内堡公国部分地区、卡尼奥拉、卡林西亚、施蒂里亚等地的方言，还有克罗地亚、波斯尼亚与保加利亚的方言。Schlozer, Nordische Geschichte, p. 323, 335. 二、金布里种族。阿德隆把凡不属苏维汇人者都归于这一名称之下。这一种族在恺撒之前便已渡过莱茵河，占据了比利时，也就是恺撒与普林尼笔下的贝尔盖人。金布里人还占据了日德兰岛。威尔士与不列颠的库姆里人也属于这一种族。莱茵河右岸的许多部落——日德兰的古蒂尼人、威斯特伐利亚的乌西佩特人、贝格公国的西甘布里人——都属于日耳曼的金布里人。三、苏维汇人。罗马人很早便知道他们，因为生活在公元前123年的卢基乌斯·科尔涅利乌斯·西塞纳就曾提到他们（Nonius v. Lancea）。这一种族即真正的日耳曼人，其分布东达维斯瓦河，自波罗的海直抵赫尔基尼亚森林。苏维汇之名有时也仅指某一个部落，比如恺撒就用它专指卡蒂人。苏维汇这个名字，在施瓦本一地保留了下来。这三大种族便是居住在日耳曼的主要族群；他们自东向西迁移，乃是今日当地居民的祖源。但施勒策尔说，北欧并非只有他们居住；另有一些起源不同、语言各异的种族，也曾在这些地方生息，并留下了后裔。日耳曼各部落自远古起，便以条顿人（Teuten，即 Deutschen）这一统称自命；塔西佗认为此名源自他们的一位神祇图伊斯托。但更可能的是，这个词不过是“人”或“民”的意思——许多野蛮民族给自己起的名字也无非如此。例如拉普兰人自称 Almag，意即“人民”；萨莫耶德人自称 Nilletz 或 Nissetsch，意即“人”，如此等等。至于“日耳曼人”（Germani）这个名称，恺撒发现它在高卢通行，便沿用了这个罗马人早已熟知的词。许多学者（依据塔西佗《日耳曼尼亚志》第二章的一段文字）曾以为，此名要到恺撒之后才用于条顿人；但阿德隆已痛快淋漓地驳倒了这一看法。“日耳曼人”之名，在《卡皮托利年代记》（Fasti Capitolini）中即已出现。参见 Gruter, Iscrip. 2899：据载，执政官马塞勒斯于罗马建城第531年，击败了由维尔多马尔统率的高卢人、因苏布里人与日耳曼人。参见 Adelung, Ælt. Geschichte der Deutsch, p. 102.——节录自基佐（G.）之注。
1001a
The modern philosophers of Sweden seem agreed that the waters of the Baltic gradually sink in a regular proportion, which they have ventured to estimate at half an inch every year. Twenty centuries ago the flat country of Scandinavia must have been covered by the sea; while the high lands rose above the waters, as so many islands of various forms and dimensions. Such, indeed, is the notion given us by Mela, Pliny, and Tacitus, of the vast countries round the Baltic. See in the Bibliotheque Raisonnee, tom. xl. and xlv. a large abstract of Dalin’s History of Sweden, composed in the Swedish language. * Note: Modern geologists have rejected this theory of the depression of the Baltic, as inconsistent with recent observation. The considerable changes which have taken place on its shores, Mr. Lyell, from actual observation now decidedly attributes to the regular and uniform elevation of the land.—Lyell’s Geology, b. ii. c. 17—M.
瑞典近代的学者们似乎一致认为，波罗的海的水位正以某种恒定的比率逐渐下降，他们甚至斗胆估算，每年约降半英寸。照此推算，二十个世纪以前，斯堪的纳维亚那些低平之地必定还淹没在海面之下，唯有高地才露出水面，宛如一座座形状大小各异的岛屿。梅拉、普林尼与塔西佗对波罗的海周边广袤地域的描述，给我们的正是这样一种印象。参见 Bibliotheque Raisonnee, tom. xl. 及 xlv.，其中载有达林以瑞典文所著《瑞典史》的一篇长篇摘要。* 编者注：近代地质学家已摒弃这一波罗的海水位下沉的理论，认为它与晚近的观测不符。其沿岸发生的那些显著变化，莱伊尔先生根据实地观测，如今断然归因于陆地有规律而均匀的抬升。—Lyell’s Geology, b. ii. c. 17—M.
2
In particular, Mr. Hume, the Abbé du Bos, and M. Pelloutier. Hist. des Celtes, tom. i.
尤其是休谟先生、杜博神父与佩卢蒂耶先生。Hist. des Celtes, tom. i.
3
Diodorus Siculus, l. v. p. 340, edit. Wessel. Herodian, l. vi. p. 221. Jornandes, c. 55. On the banks of the Danube, the wine, when brought to table, was frequently frozen into great lumps, frusta vini. Ovid. Epist. ex Ponto, l. iv. 7, 9, 10. Virgil. Georgic. l. iii. 355. The fact is confirmed by a soldier and a philosopher, who had experienced the intense cold of Thrace. See Xenophon, Anabasis, l. vii. p. 560, edit. Hutchinson. Note: The Danube is constantly frozen over. At Pesth the bridge is usually taken up, and the traffic and communication between the two banks carried on over the ice. The Rhine is likewise in many parts passable at least two years out of five. Winter campaigns are so unusual, in modern warfare, that I recollect but one instance of an army crossing either river on the ice. In the thirty years’ war, (1635,) Jan van Werth, an Imperialist partisan, crossed the Rhine from Heidelberg on the ice with 5000 men, and surprised Spiers. Pichegru’s memorable campaign, (1794-5,) when the freezing of the Meuse and Waal opened Holland to his conquests, and his cavalry and artillery attacked the ships frozen in, on the Zuyder Zee, was in a winter of unprecedented severity.—M. 1845.
Diodorus Siculus, l. v. p. 340, edit. Wessel. Herodian, l. vi. p. 221. Jornandes, c. 55. 在多瑙河一带，酒端上餐桌时往往已冻成大块的冰坨，即所谓 frusta vini（酒冰块）。Ovid. Epist. ex Ponto, l. iv. 7, 9, 10. Virgil. Georgic. l. iii. 355. 这一事实还得到一位军人兼哲人的印证，他曾亲历色雷斯的酷寒。参见色诺芬《长征记》，l. vii. p. 560, edit. Hutchinson. 编者注：多瑙河经常整个封冻。在佩斯，桥梁通常会被拆去，两岸之间的往来交通便都在冰面上进行。莱茵河同样如此，许多河段每五年里至少有两年可以踏冰而过。在近代战争中，冬季用兵极为罕见，我只记得有一例军队踏冰渡过这两条河中的一条：三十年战争期间（1635年），帝国军的游击将领扬·范·韦特率五千人从海德堡踏冰渡过莱茵河，奇袭施派尔。皮什格吕那场令人难忘的战役（1794至1795年），正值一个严酷空前的冬天——默兹河与瓦尔河封冻，为他征服荷兰敞开了门户，他的骑兵与炮兵还袭击了须德海上被冰封住的舰船。—M. 1845.
4
Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, tom. xii. p. 79, 116.
Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, tom. xii. p. 79, 116.
5
Cæsar de Bell. Gallic. vi. 23, &c. The most inquisitive of the Germans were ignorant of its utmost limits, although some of them had travelled in it more than sixty days’ journey. * Note: The passage of Cæsar, “parvis renonum tegumentis utuntur,” is obscure, observes Luden, (Geschichte des Teutschen Volkes,) and insufficient to prove the reindeer to have existed in Germany. It is supported however, by a fragment of Sallust. Germani intectum rhenonibus corpus tegunt.—M. It has been suggested to me that Cæsar (as old Gesner supposed) meant the reindeer in the following description. Est bos cervi figura cujus a media fronte inter aures unum cornu existit, excelsius magisque directum (divaricatum, qu?) his quæ nobis nota sunt cornibus. At ejus summo, sicut palmæ, rami quam late diffunduntur. Bell. vi.—M. 1845.
Cæsar de Bell. Gallic. vi. 23, &c. 即便是日耳曼人中最好探究的人，也不知道这片森林的最远边界何在，尽管其中有些人已在林中跋涉了六十多天的行程。* 编者注：卢登（Geschichte des Teutschen Volkes）指出，恺撒那句 parvis renonum tegumentis utuntur（他们身披小块的兽皮）语意含糊，不足以证明日耳曼确曾有驯鹿。不过，撒路斯提乌斯的一处残篇可为佐证：Germani intectum rhenonibus corpus tegunt.（日耳曼人以兽皮遮蔽赤裸的身躯。）—M. 有人向我提示，恺撒（正如老盖斯纳所推测的）在下面这段描述中所指的，正是驯鹿：Est bos cervi figura cujus a media fronte inter aures unum cornu existit, excelsius magisque directum (divaricatum, qu?) his quæ nobis nota sunt cornibus. At ejus summo, sicut palmæ, rami quam late diffunduntur.（有一种牛，形似鹿，额心双耳之间生出一只独角，比我们所熟知的角更高更直〔或作“更分叉”？〕；而角的顶端则像手掌一样，枝杈宽宽地铺展开来。）Bell. vi.—M. 1845.
6
Cluverius (Germania Antiqua, l. iii. c. 47) investigates the small and scattered remains of the Hercynian wood.
克吕韦里乌斯（Germania Antiqua, l. iii. c. 47）考察了赫尔基尼亚森林那些零星残存的遗迹。
7
Charlevoix, Histoire du Canada.
Charlevoix, Histoire du Canada.
8
Olaus Rudbeck asserts that the Swedish women often bear ten or twelve children, and not uncommonly twenty or thirty; but the authority of Rudbeck is much to be suspected.
奥劳斯·鲁德贝克断言，瑞典妇女常常生下十个或十二个孩子，生二三十个也不足为奇；但鲁德贝克的说法很值得怀疑。
9
In hos artus, in hæc corpora, quæ miramur, excrescunt. Tæit Germania, 3, 20. Cluver. l. i. c. 14.
In hos artus, in hæc corpora, quæ miramur, excrescunt.（他们的四肢与体格，便这样长成我们所惊叹的模样。）Tacit. Germania, 3, 20. Cluver. l. i. c. 14.
10
Plutarch. in Mario. The Cimbri, by way of amusement, often did down mountains of snow on their broad shields.
Plutarch. in Mario. 金布里人常常拿宽大的盾牌当滑具，从积雪的山坡上滑下来取乐。
11
The Romans made war in all climates, and by their excellent discipline were in a great measure preserved in health and vigor. It may be remarked, that man is the only animal which can live and multiply in every country from the equator to the poles. The hog seems to approach the nearest to our species in that privilege.
罗马人在各种气候之下都能作战，凭着他们出色的纪律，大体上得以保持健康与体力。值得一提的是，人是唯一能在从赤道到两极的任何地方生存并繁衍的动物；在这一点上，猪似乎是最接近人类的物种。